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Technology reference

Screening the feed into size fractions before separation

Screens split the feed by piece size before it reaches the eddy current separator or a sensor sorter. Those machines are set for the size of the pieces they get, so a narrow size range lets each one be set for its own feed.

By [author name, role and employer] · Technical review by [reviewer name, role and employer] · Updated

  • Aluminum and non-ferrous
  • Ferrous
  • Fiber
  • Glass
  • Film
  • Other and residue

1Why piece size matters to the separator

An eddy current separator has two settings that depend on piece size. Industrial Magnetics' (IMI) service manual says particle size is very important in setting the splitter position and the belt speed, and that the two must be set together. Size, shape and alloy all change how far a piece is thrown. Source: IMI, Eddy Current Separator Service Manual 900505, undated.

Large and small pieces need opposite settings. Bunge reports that coarse pieces separate better with the splitter set low, and small pieces with it set high. The right setting for a given feed is found by test. Source: Bunge, Recovery of metals from waste incinerator bottom ash, 2019.

So one splitter setting cannot suit both ends of a wide size range. That is this guide's reading of the two sources above, not a measured result. Setting the splitter covers the splitter itself.

Small pieces also fly differently. Above about 4 mm, air drag on a metal piece can be ignored. Below about 2 mm it plays a major role: a 2 mm copper piece flies about as far as a 2 mm aluminum piece, and at 1 mm copper can fly farther. Spin effects matter only for pieces under about 8 mm. Source: Bunge, 2019.

Recovery falls away with size. In conventional dry processing of bottom ash, a 2011 paper reports that non-ferrous recovery typically falls from almost 100% above 20 mm to nearly zero somewhere between 5 and 12 mm, depending on the screening steps and the separator used. Source: Berkhout, Oudenhoven and Rem, 2011.

Machines have moved on since then. Bunge writes that traditional separators work well above about 6 mm, and that recovering 0.5 mm pieces was the state of the art by 2019. Fines machines spin faster and carry more poles, set closer together. Source: Bunge, 2019. Recovering fine non-ferrous metal covers those machines.

Makers sell rotors by size class. IMI, for example, uses 8-pole rotors for pieces of 2 in and up, and 16-pole rotors below that. Source: IMI, TG-13A data sheet, 2022 to 2023. The eddy current reference lists the smallest piece makers state by model.

The evidence above comes from bottom ash and from makers. On MRF container material: [separator recovery with and without screening ahead of it: no published study found; a trial on your own material would fill it]

Ahead of a sensor sorter

Sensor sorters need a sized feed too. Spaleck, which makes screens, says LIBS, NIR, XRF and XRT sorters work better on size-graded feed. In its account, fines clog or damage a sorter and confuse its detection. Long pieces cover other pieces and can stand up on a fast belt; they drag small pieces along or end up in the target fraction themselves. Source: Spaleck, Why modern sorters love good screening machines, 2026.

Spaleck says the same about eddy current separators: its flip-flow screens take fines out so that eddy current separators and other sorters run more efficiently. Source: Spaleck, Flip-flow screening machine, undated. Both are a screen maker's guidance. Sensor-based sorting for metals covers what each sensor reads.

2Size ranges the makers state

Each maker states the size range its machine takes, model by model. The table gathers what some makers publish. Each figure is the maker's own published claim.

Size ranges makers publish (each maker's own published figures; not a ranking)
Maker and machineSeparates bySize range or rule stated
STEINERT EddyC FINESEddy current, fines0.5 to 10 mm. The largest piece should be no more than 3 times the smallest.
Goudsmit EddyXpert, 12-poleEddy current, as a pre-separator20 to 300 mm
Goudsmit EddyXpert 22HIEddy current5 mm to more than 60 mm
Goudsmit EddyFinesEddy current, fines0 to more than 10 mm, ejecting pieces down to about 0.5 mm. A single layer about as deep as the largest piece.
BuntingEddy currentSizes each separator on the feed's size range, typically 3 to 50 mm. Its application table gives feeds such as 10 to 40 mm screened scrap frag and 0 to 20 mm screened aluminum dross.
IMIEddy current8-pole rotors for pieces of 2 in and up; 16-pole rotors for pieces under 2 in
REDWAVE XRFX-ray fluorescence sensor15 to 180 mm on its free-fall machine (REDWAVE writes "(10) 15-180 mm"); 4 to 25 mm on its belt machine for fines
STEINERT, shredder non-ferrous lineEddy current (EddyC), then X-ray sortingRuns shredder non-ferrous metal through its eddy current separator in grain sizes such as 10 to 30, 30 to 70 and 70 to 150 mm (its international page; the US page gives 10 to 40, 25 to 60 and 60 to 120 mm), then X-ray sorts each size.
Spaleck, a screen makerGuidance ahead of LIBS, NIR, XRF and XRT sortersFines cuts of 0 to 10, 0 to 15 or 0 to 20 mm; fractions such as 10 to 30 or 20 to 60 mm; a size ratio of about 1 to 3

Sources: STEINERT, EddyC FINES, undated; Goudsmit, EddyXpert, undated; Goudsmit, EddyFines, undated; Bunting, 5 key eddy current separator operating parameters, 2020, and Bunting, Eddy current separators, undated; IMI, TG-13A data sheet; REDWAVE, REDWAVE XRF, undated; STEINERT, Aluminium recycling, undated; Spaleck, 2026. Bunting's application table rates capacity per metre of width as well; sizing an eddy current separator covers it.

Who publishes this. Recyclers Guide is published by [LLC name], an affiliate of Remcon Equipment, Inc. Remcon designs and builds conveyors and eddy current separator systems around rotors or complete separators made by others, builds overhead magnet units, magnetic head pulleys and trommels, resells screens and feeders, and integrates equipment discussed on this site.

Two makers give the same rough rule in different settings. STEINERT asks that the largest piece in its fines separator's feed be no more than 3 times the smallest. Spaleck suggests about 1 to 3 ahead of sensor sorters. Sources: STEINERT, EddyC FINES; Spaleck, 2026. This guide found no general standard for other machines, so ask the maker of the machine you are buying.

3Cut sizes plants publish

Published plants screen at very different sizes, because their streams differ. Each row below is one source's own example, not a norm.

Screen cuts by stream (examples from the sources named; not a ranking)
StreamCuts describedSource
Single-stream MRF, front endGlass and fines of about 2 in and smaller come out early, on glass-breaker screens.BHS, undated; Green Machine, undated
Mixed-waste MRFs visited for a 2009 reviewA trommel taking out fines under 2 in; a 10 in trommel; trommels sending 2 to 9 in material to disc screens, whose unders, mostly containers, went to the magnet and the eddy current separator.Kessler Consulting for Pinellas County, 2009
German lightweight-packaging plants, modelledThree lines (over 220, 50 to 220, under 50 mm); four lines (over 220, 140 to 220, 50 to 140, under 50 mm); or five lines (over 220, 140 to 220, 60 to 140, 20 to 60, under 20 mm).Cimpan et al., 2016
Auto shredder, one plantA trommel with 1.5 in and 6 in holes and a 12 mm flip-flow screen, after the magnet and before the eddy current separator and an induction sorter for stainless steel.Argonne National Laboratory, 2011
Incinerator bottom ash, one Copenhagen plantSeven size fractions; an eddy current separator on each of six, from 0.5 to 50 mm. Pieces under 0.5 mm are not treated.Šyc et al., 2020, citing Kallesøe and Dyhr-Jensen, 2018
Incinerator bottom ash, a sketched dry plantTrommel fines under 60 mm split at 20 mm on a star screen and at 8 mm on a flip-flow screen, with each coarse fraction run over magnets and eddy current separators. A design sketch, not a measured plant.Bunge, 2019
Construction and demolition, one UK plant0 to 10, 10 to 50, 50 to 100 and over 100 mm. The eddy current separator treats the 10 to 100 mm heavy fraction; the 0 to 10 mm fines pass a magnet but no eddy current separator.Terex Recycling Systems, undated
Construction and demolition fines, FloridaDefined as material passing a final screen no larger than 3/4 in, which keeps larger items such as metal and plastic out of the fines.Florida DEP, 2011

Full references are in the Sources list. Inch and millimetre figures are as each source gives them.

4Glass screens and small cans on MRFs

On a US single-stream MRF, glass comes out near the front of the line. Glass-breaker screens drop glass and fines of about 2 in and smaller. Sources: BHS, Glass Breaker DRS, undated; Green Machine, Glass Breaker and Fines Removal, undated; Cimpan et al., 2015.

Green Machine says early removal cuts contamination and wear on belts and discs. BHS says its screen does this without losing flattened aluminum or single-serve PET. Both are the makers' own claims. Sources: Green Machine; BHS.

Operators report a loss there. In a 2021 industry study of aerosol and pet-food cans, MRF operators said items under 2 to 3 in across at least two dimensions can fall through the glass screen, including small and crushed cans. How much is lost is not known. Source: RRS for CMI, PFI and HCPA, 2021.

Crushed cans are lost at other screens too. GBB lists cans crushed into "pucks" that fall through screens into fines or residue among the ways MRFs lose cans. Source: GBB for CMI, 2020. Aluminum recovery on MRF container lines follows the cans along the whole line.

Some MRFs answered with a second separator on the glass line. One operator quoted by the Can Manufacturers Institute said its glass-line separator recovers about 15 tons of aluminum a month, including crushed cans, can pieces and small cans that had been reaching residue. Another MRF, which was finding flattened cans in its paper, added screens, ballistic separators and a larger second separator, and estimated that can loss from missorting fell from 3 to 5% to under 2%. These are operator statements. Source: CMI, MRFs that have added can capture equipment, 2020. Non-ferrous metal out of glass cullet covers the glass line itself.

No published source found for this guide gives the size range that reaches the separator on a US container line. The glass cut sets the bottom of it. The nearest published figure comes from a mixed-waste MRF, not a single-stream line: in a 2009 site visit, trommels sent 2 to 9 in material to disc screens ahead of the magnet and separator. Source: Kessler, 2009. Typical range: [size range reaching the separator on US container lines: no published source; the affiliate's job records could supply one]

5One separator train per size fraction

Bottom-ash plants treat screening as a stage of its own. Bunge describes three stages: free the metal by crushing, classify by size, then separate. He calls classifying ahead of the separators crucial, and each size fraction runs through its own train of separators. Source: Bunge, 2019.

A 2020 review describes the screens ash plants use: finger screens for oversize, trommels for the middle sizes and flip-flow screens for wet fines. A magnet and an eddy current separator then run in sequence on each size stream. Source: Šyc et al., 2020.

Published recovery differs by train, though the figures are counted on different bases:

  • Simple trains that split ash into two fractions recover around 80% of the ferrous metal but only 9 to 48% of the non-ferrous metal, measured against metal fed to the furnace. The coarse fraction over 20 mm reaches 86%.
  • The Copenhagen plant in section 3, with separators on six fractions, recovers about 90% of non-ferrous metal at 4 to 50 mm and 60 to 75% at 1 to 4 mm, calculated on metal actually sold.

Source: Šyc et al., 2020; the Copenhagen figures cite Kallesøe and Dyhr-Jensen, 2018. Because the bases differ, the two are not a direct comparison.

Fine fractions carry much of the value in ash. In three bottom-ash plants, most non-ferrous metal recovered on the separators was 2 to 30 mm. Bunge puts about half of the non-ferrous value worth recovering in pieces under 8 mm. Source: Bunge, 2019.

Packaging plants split by size as well, at larger sizes. A 2015 review found that German lightweight-packaging plants split their input early into many size ranges and sort each on its own line. Source: Cimpan et al., 2015.

One line per fraction does not always mean one separator per fraction. In modelled plants with three, four and five size lines, the plants had two, three and four magnets and two, two and three eddy current separators in total, not per line. Source: Cimpan et al., 2016.

Feed presentation repeats at every separator. Bunge says modern ash plants spread the material once and keep it on wide, flat belts through the whole separator train. Source: Bunge, 2019. Designing an aluminum recovery line covers getting the feed onto the separator.

6Placing screens and magnets

Which comes first depends on the stream.

On a single-stream MRF, screens split flat fiber from round containers first. On the container line, magnets pull the steel, and the eddy current separator typically follows them. Source: GBB for CMI, 2020.

In bottom ash, a magnet comes before some screens. Bunge says to take wire out with a magnet before screening, so it does not plug vibrating-screen openings or wind onto star-screen shafts. He also finds a trommel unsuited to raw ash under 16 mm, because cables and spikes plug its mesh. Source: Bunge, 2019.

One shredder plant ran a magnet first, then a trommel and a 12 mm screen, then the eddy current separator. Source: Argonne, 2011. Bunge's sketched ash plant puts a magnet ahead of the screens and runs a magnet and separator train on each coarse fraction. Source: Bunge, 2019.

Whatever the order, separator makers ask for a magnet ahead of the eddy current separator. IMI's manual calls for at least one magnet ahead of its separator, because steel held in the rotor's field can damage the rotor, shell and belt. Source: IMI, service manual 900505.

This guide follows the separator makers' manuals: magnets go ahead of the separator, and the separator is not relied on to remove steel.

Removing ferrous metal before the separator covers magnet types and placement.

7Screen types used ahead of separation

The sources name six screen types for this job. The table sets out what each does ahead of a separator and the limits the sources note. It is not a ranking, and it does not size a screen.

Screen types and their noted limits (from the sources named; stated criteria, not a ranking)
ScreenHow it sortsWhere the sources place itLimits the sources note
Disc or star screenRows of turning shafts carrying round, oval or star-shaped discs.The fiber and container split on most North American single-stream MRFs; star screens in bottom ash.Star screens need a magnet ahead so wire does not wind onto the shafts. In bottom ash the lowest effective split is about 8 mm, and 10 to 100 mm is common.
TrommelA perforated, angled, rotating drum. Drums can run in series.Fines removal, or a first paper cut with large holes, in mixed-waste MRFs; the fiber and container split in the UK; shredder plants.Tumbling can break more glass. Wire and spikes plug it, and Bunge finds it unsuited to raw ash under 16 mm.
Vibratory screenA vibrating deck.The most common screen in bottom ash.Bunge suggests single decks, so pinned pieces can be cleared, and wire removal by magnet first.
Flip-flow screenFlexible mats stretched and relaxed at high acceleration, which keeps damp or matted material from blinding them.Wet or sticky fines: bottom ash, shredder fines.Minimum split about 3 mm in bottom ash (Bunge). Makers state wider ranges for their own machines: apertures of 80 µm to 150 mm (Binder+Co) and separation sizes of about 0.2 to 50 mm (Spaleck).
Finger screen or bar sizerTapered fingers or bars, which resist blinding and jamming.Coarse cuts in bottom ash; shredder metals. General Kinematics offers a rod deck for non-ferrous or shredder-residue fines.None noted for this job. Bunge uses a bar sizer for the first, coarsest cut in bottom ash.
Glass-breaker screenBreaks glass and drops it with the fines, at about 2 in and smaller.Near the front of US single-stream MRFs.Small and crushed cans can fall through with the glass (operators, section 4).

Sources: Kessler, 2009; Bunge, 2019; Cimpan et al., 2015; Argonne, 2011; Binder+Co, BIVITEC brochure, undated; Spaleck, Flip-flow screening machine, undated; General Kinematics, FINGER-SCREEN, undated; BHS and Green Machine, undated; RRS, 2021. The flip-flow apertures and separation sizes are the makers' own figures.

What the publisher's affiliate supplies

Remcon Equipment, the publisher's affiliate, builds trommels. It resells disc screens and vibratory screens made by others, and builds the structure, conveyors and chutes around them. Its own records show it has also built glass-breaker and roller screens on occasion. Its trommels, disc screens and vibratory screens pages describe what it supplies.

The affiliate has built a trommel to split glass from aluminum cans: broken glass falls through and the cans carry over. Source: Remcon Equipment, Rotating drum screens and trommels, undated. [opening sizes on that trommel, and the fines cut the affiliate screens to ahead of a separator: questions for the affiliate's shop]

8What to tell the makers

Give the screen maker and the separator or sorter maker the same facts, so the screen's cuts match the range each machine takes:

  • the size fractions you need, and which separator or sorter takes each one
  • the largest and smallest piece in each fraction after screening
  • how much fines the feed carries
  • moisture, and whether the material is sticky
  • wire, film and long pieces in the feed
  • how ferrous metal is removed, and whether the magnet sits before or after the screen
  • on a MRF, whether small or crushed cans reach the glass line

Sources: STEINERT, EddyC FINES; Spaleck, 2026; Spaleck, Flip-flow screening machine; Bunge, 2019; Bunting, 2020; IMI, service manual 900505; RRS, 2021.

The RFQ checklist sets out the full list for the separator, the magnet and a sensor sorter. Sizing an eddy current separator covers the questions that set width and model. Screen makers are listed in the directory.

9Questions

What size range should an eddy current separator get?

This guide found no general standard; each maker states a range for each model. For its fines separator, which takes 0.5 to 10 mm, STEINERT asks that the largest piece be no more than 3 times the smallest. Bunting sizes its separators on the size range of the feed, typically 3 to 50 mm. Tell each maker the largest and smallest piece in your screened feed. Sources: STEINERT, EddyC FINES; Bunting, 5 key eddy current separator operating parameters, 2020.

Can a glass screen lose aluminum cans?

Yes. On single-stream MRFs, glass-breaker screens drop glass and fines of about 2 in and smaller early in the line. MRF operators said items under 2 to 3 in across at least two dimensions, including small and crushed cans, can fall through with the glass. How many is not known. Some MRFs added a second eddy current separator on the glass line to catch them. Sources: BHS and Green Machine product pages; RRS for CMI, PFI and HCPA, 2021; CMI, 2020.

Should the screens go before or after the magnet?

It depends on the stream. On a single-stream MRF, screens split fiber from containers first, and the magnet and the eddy current separator follow on the container line. In bottom ash, Bunge says to take wire out with a magnet before screening, so it does not wind onto star-screen shafts. Either way, separator makers ask for a magnet ahead of the eddy current separator. Sources: GBB for CMI, 2020; Bunge, 2019; IMI service manual 900505.

Does every size fraction need its own separator?

Not always. In bottom ash, Bunge says each size fraction runs through its own separator train, and one Copenhagen plant runs separators on six fractions from 0.5 to 50 mm. Modelled German packaging plants split their feed into three to five size lines but have two or three eddy current separators in total, so not every line has one. Sources: Bunge, 2019; Šyc et al., 2020; Cimpan et al., 2016.

How fine can a screen cut ahead of a separator?

In bottom ash, Bunge puts the lowest effective split at about 8 mm for star screens and about 3 mm for flip-flow screens. Makers state finer limits for their own flip-flow screens: separation sizes of about 0.2 to 50 mm from Spaleck, and apertures of 80 µm to 150 mm from Binder+Co. Sources: Bunge, 2019; Spaleck, flip-flow screening machine; Binder+Co, BIVITEC brochure.

Read the aluminum recovery guide Find manufacturers

10Sources

Every source below was read on 2026-10-06. Manufacturers' figures and guidance are their own claims; nothing here was tested by the publisher.

  1. Industrial Magnetics, Inc. (IMI), Eddy Current Separator Service Manual, endless belt, manual 900505, undated (manufacturer). https://assets.magnetics.com/assets/files/manuals/900505_ECS_Service_Manual_Endless_Belt.pdf. Read 2026-10-06. Industrial Magnetics supplies eddy current separators and magnets to Remcon Equipment, the publisher's affiliate.
  2. Bunge R., Recovery of metals from waste incinerator bottom ash, UMTEC, OST Eastern Switzerland University of Applied Sciences, June 2019 (technical monograph). https://www.ost.ch/fileadmin/dateiliste/3_forschung_dienstleistung/institute/umtec/fachartikel/2019/19-03_recovery_of_metals_from_waste_incinerator_bottom_ash.pdf. Read 2026-10-06.
  3. Berkhout S.P.M., Oudenhoven B.P.M., Rem P.C., Optimizing non-ferrous metal value from MSWI bottom ashes, Journal of Environmental Protection 2(5):564-570, July 2011 (peer-reviewed). https://content.scirp.org/pdf/jep20110500017_42862674.pdf. Read 2026-10-06.
  4. Industrial Magnetics, Inc. (IMI), TG-13A Eddy Current Separators data sheet, 10/22 to 10/23 (manufacturer). https://assets.magnetics.com/assets/files/technical-data-sheets/TG13A_EddyCurrentSep.pdf. Read 2026-10-06. Industrial Magnetics supplies eddy current separators and magnets to Remcon Equipment, the publisher's affiliate.
  5. Spaleck, LIBS, XRT, NIR and more: why modern sorters love good screening machines, June 2, 2026, updated July 17, 2026 (manufacturer). https://www.spaleck.eu/libs-xrt-nir-and-more-why-modern-sorters-love-good-screening-machines/. Read 2026-10-06.
  6. Spaleck, Flip-flow screening machine, product page, undated (manufacturer). https://www.spaleck.eu/screening-machines/flip-flow-screening-machine/. Read 2026-10-06.
  7. STEINERT, EddyC FINES, product page, undated (manufacturer). https://steinertglobal.com/us/sorting-systems/magnetic-separation/eddy-current-separators/steinert-eddyc-fines/. Read 2026-10-06.
  8. Goudsmit Magnetics, EddyXpert eddy current separators, product page, undated (manufacturer). https://www.goudsmitmagnetics.com/en-us/products/belt-conveyor-magnetic-separators/eddyxpert-eddy-current-separators. Read 2026-10-06.
  9. Goudsmit Magnetics, EddyFines eddy current separators, product page, undated (manufacturer). https://www.goudsmitmagnetics.com/en-us/products/belt-conveyor-magnetic-separators/eddyfines-eddy-current-separators. Read 2026-10-06.
  10. Bunting, 5 Key Eddy Current Separator Operating Parameters, 2020-11-10 (manufacturer). https://buntingmagnetics.com/blog/5-key-eddy-current-separator-operating-parameters. Read 2026-10-06.
  11. Bunting, Eddy Current Separators, product page with model and application tables, undated (manufacturer). https://buntingmagnetics.com/product/magnetic-separation/eddy-current-separators. Read 2026-10-06.
  12. REDWAVE, REDWAVE XRF, product page, undated (manufacturer). https://redwave.com/en/products/redwave-xrf. Read 2026-10-06.
  13. STEINERT, Aluminium recycling, application page, international and US versions, undated (manufacturer). https://steinertglobal.com/applications/metal-recycling/aluminium-recycling/; US version: https://steinertglobal.com/us/applications/metal-recycling/aluminum-recycling/. Read 2026-10-06.
  14. Bulk Handling Systems (BHS), Glass Breaker DRS, product page, undated (manufacturer). https://bulkhandlingsystems.com/equipment/glass-breaker/. Read 2026-10-06.
  15. Green Machine, Glass Breaker & Fines Removal, product page, undated (manufacturer). https://www.greenmachine.com/equipment/glass-breaker-fines-removal. Read 2026-10-06.
  16. Kessler Consulting, Inc., for Pinellas County (FL) Department of Solid Waste Operations, Materials Recovery Facility Technology Review, September 2009 (government-commissioned report; third-party host). https://www.nswai.org/docs/MATERIALS%20RECOVERY%20FACILITY%20TECHONOLOGY%20REVIEW.pdf. Read 2026-10-06.
  17. Cimpan C., Maul A., Wenzel H., Pretz T., Techno-economic assessment of central sorting at material recovery facilities: the case of lightweight packaging waste, Journal of Cleaner Production 112:4387-4397, 2016 (peer-reviewed; read as reproduced in Cimpan C., PhD thesis, University of Southern Denmark, 2016). https://findresearcher.sdu.dk/ws/files/173410165/Ciprian_Cimpan_2016_PhD_Thesis_1_.pdf. Read 2026-10-06.
  18. Duranceau C., Spangenberger J., Argonne National Laboratory, All Auto Shredding: Evaluation of Automotive Shredder Residue Generated by Shredding Only Vehicles, ANL/ES-C0201801, July 11, 2011 (government). https://publications.anl.gov/anlpubs/2011/09/70931.pdf. Read 2026-10-06.
  19. Šyc M., Simon F.G., Hykš J., Braga R., Biganzoli L., Costa G. et al., Metal recovery from incineration bottom ash: state-of-the-art and recent developments, Journal of Hazardous Materials 393:122433, 2020 (peer-reviewed; postprint). https://cris.unibo.it/bitstream/11585/762085/5/S%cc%8cyc2020_postprint.pdf. Read 2026-10-06.
  20. Terex Recycling Systems, first plant install, C&D and commercial skip-waste plant case page, undated (manufacturer). https://www.terex.com/recycling/first-plant-install. Read 2026-10-06.
  21. Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Guidelines for the Management of Recovered Screen Material from C&D Debris Recycling Facilities, Rev. 1, April 15, 2011 (government). https://floridadep.gov/sites/default/files/RSM_Guidance_revision_FINAL.pdf. Read 2026-10-06.
  22. Resource Recycling Systems (RRS) for the Can Manufacturers Institute, the Pet Food Institute and the Household and Commercial Products Association, Surveying State of MRF and End Market Barriers to Recycling Steel and Aluminum Aerosols and Pet Food Cans, February 2021 (commissioned study). https://www.cancentral.com/wp-content/uploads/RRS_CMI_Results_Feb2021_FINAL.pdf. Read 2026-10-06.
  23. Gershman, Brickner & Bratton (GBB) for the Can Manufacturers Institute, Aluminum Beverage Can: Driver of the U.S. Recycling System, 2020-06-23 (commissioned report). https://www.cancentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/GBB-Report-Aluminum-Can-Drives-U.S.-Recycling-System-Final-2020-0623.pdf. Read 2026-10-06.
  24. Can Manufacturers Institute, Examples of MRFs who have successfully added aluminum can capture equipment, 2020-12-02 (industry association, operator statements). https://www.cancentral.com/sustainability__trashed/examples-mrfs-who-have-successfully-added-aluminum-can-capture-equipment/. Read 2026-10-06.
  25. Cimpan C., Maul A., Jansen M., Pretz T., Wenzel H., Central sorting and recovery of MSW recyclable materials: a review, Journal of Environmental Management 156:181-199, 2015 (peer-reviewed; read as reproduced in the same thesis as source 17). https://findresearcher.sdu.dk/ws/files/173410165/Ciprian_Cimpan_2016_PhD_Thesis_1_.pdf. Read 2026-10-06.
  26. Binder+Co AG, BIVITEC flip flow technology, brochure, undated (manufacturer). https://www.binder-co.com/fileadmin-binder/user_upload/Downloads/Sieben/Binder_Co_BIVITEC_eng.pdf. Read 2026-10-06.
  27. General Kinematics, FINGER-SCREEN for Metal Recovery, product page, undated (manufacturer). https://www.generalkinematics.com/product/high-energy-secondary-fines-screens/. Read 2026-10-06.
  28. Remcon Equipment, Inc. (the publisher's affiliate), Rotating Drum Screens and Trommels, undated (affiliate's own site). https://www.remconequipment.com/rotating-drum-screens-trommels. Read 2026-10-06.

Also linked, on the affiliate's own site: Disc Screens and Vibratory Screens.

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