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Selecting equipment: aluminum and non-ferrous metal

RFQ checklist for a non-ferrous recovery line

What eddy current, magnet and sensor-sorter makers say they need to know before they can size and quote a machine, in eight groups, each item with the reason and the maker's document it comes from.

By [author name, role and employer] · Technical review by [reviewer name, role and employer] · Updated

No eddy current maker whose site we searched publishes a technical questionnaire we could download, and Eriez's online quote request asks only for contact details, market, product interest and a message. Source: Eriez, online RFQ form, undated.

So each item below comes from a maker's own manual, brochure or product page, where the maker says what it needs to size, set up or protect a machine. The nearest thing to a questionnaire is the list of inputs Bunting's engineers size a separator on, and every input on it is here. Source: Bunting, operating parameters, 2020. [makers' own technical questionnaires: to be requested from their sales teams and compared with this list]

Answer what you can; blanks are fine. Ask every maker the same questions in the same order, and the answers become easy to compare.

1Material

Items about the metal you want back
ItemWhy it mattersSource
1.1 State which metal you want to recover: aluminum cans, other aluminum, copper, or mixed non-ferrous metalThe rotor throws a piece according to how well it conducts electricity relative to its density. One maker's figures for conductivity divided by density, in 10³ m²/Ω·kg: aluminum 13.7, copper 6.7, stainless steel 0.18. Aluminum is thrown farther than copper, and stainless steel responds weakly.Goudsmit, knowledge base; IMI, service manual
1.2 Describe the form the metal is in (whole or flattened cans, shred, foil, wire, cast pieces) and its shape, and send photos of it on the beltBunting lists the metal pieces and their shape (angular, wire or round) among the inputs its engineers size a separator on. Shape changes the throw: IMI says flat and bent pieces of the same metal can react differently, and sheet aluminum is thrown farther than cast. University teaching material notes that wire and foil separate poorly.Bunting, 2020; IMI, service manual; teach4waste

2Stream and contaminants

Items about the stream and what travels with the metal
ItemWhy it mattersSource
2.1 Name the stream (single-stream container line, shredded scrap, glass cullet, bottom ash, construction and demolition waste) and give its make-up by weight, if you have a studyIMI says the right setup depends on the mix of metal and non-metal, the mass on the belt, the spread of metal sizes, grease, oil and dirt, how much pieces stick to each other, and the metal's type and grade.IMI, service manual
2.2 Say how steel and iron are removed today (magnet type, position, how many) and how much gets past; ask how each maker's warranty treats ferrous damageIMI and Eriez say their separators are built to see very little ferrous metal. Steel held in the rotor's field overheats and can damage the shell and belt, and heat damage to the magnets is permanent. IMI advises one or more magnets upstream, since none removes all ferrous, and excludes this "ferrous burnout" from its warranty. Makers differ on steel that does reach the rotor: Bunting advises taking it out first with magnets, while Green Machine says its separator can drop ferrous into a hopper under the head. This guide follows the separator makers' manuals: magnets go ahead of the separator, and the separator is not relied on to remove steel.IMI, service manual; Eriez, RevX-E manual, 2015; Bunting, 2020; Green Machine
2.3 Say how wet, sticky or greasy the material isMoist material sticks to itself and to the belt. Sticky feed builds up on vibratory pans, so makers offer a conveyor feed with a belt scraper, a splitter that cakes less on wet fines, and belt brushes. In plant tests on bottom ash, very wet feed lowered recovery.Goudsmit, knowledge base; Goudsmit, EddyFines; STEINERT, EddyC FINES; Bunting, product page; Rahman and Bakker, 2013
2.4 Say how dusty the line isOSHA lists aluminum among the metals that can form combustible dust. Raise dust collection with each maker and with your plant's safety adviser.OSHA, combustible dust
2.5 Say how abrasive the feed is, for example glass or ashThe shell and the splitter wear. Goudsmit makes its splitter plate from a non-conductive board for light streams or from manganese steel for abrasive ones. Eriez's cartridge-design machines use ceramic-tile shells that can be repaired with a brush-on ceramic.Goudsmit, EddyFines; Eriez, REA manual, 2010
2.6 For the upstream magnet: the size, shape and frequency of tramp ironEriez selects suspended magnets partly on these, along with belt width, belt speed and the depth of material. Small or round pieces under a deep layer are the hardest to catch.Eriez, suspended magnets, 2021
2.7 For a sensor sorter: the surface condition of the pieces (painted, oily or dusty)X-ray fluorescence sorters read only a thin surface layer, and DOE laboratory authors report that paint, dust or oil can cause a wrong reading or none.PNNL and Argonne, 2025

3Throughput and bulk density

The belt feed-rate calculator works out tons per hour from belt speed, the material's cross-section and bulk density. The bulk density reference gives sourced densities for common streams.

Items about how much arrives, and how heavy it is
ItemWhy it mattersSource
3.1 State the feed rate in tons per hour: lowest, normal and peak, and how surges arriveEriez selects a feeder on the feed rate it must deliver, the head load on it, the material, the operating environment and how it is mounted. Bunting sizes a separator on capacity.Eriez, feeders, 2021; Bunting, 2020
3.2 State the bulk density of the material as fed, and how you measured itFeeder output follows from it. Eriez's formula is tons per hour = tray width (in) × depth (in) × bulk density (lb/ft³) × speed (ft/min) ÷ 4,800, the same arithmetic as the calculator. Eriez Europe also lists bulk density among its inputs for selecting a magnet. Published densities describe material as collected or traded, not one layer on a belt, so weigh a known volume of your own.Eriez, REA manual, 2010; Eriez Europe, electromagnets
3.3 State the width and speed of the conveyor that feeds the separator, and how deep the material lies on itBunting lists feed conveyor width and the depth of material on it among its sizing inputs. IMI says a deeper layer can lower both recovery and purity. Goudsmit defines a single layer as one about as thick as the largest piece.Bunting, 2020; IMI, service manual; Goudsmit, EddyFines
3.4 Ask each maker for its rated capacity per metre (or foot) of belt width on your materialCapacity per width depends on the material. Bunting publishes maximums for its own machines, from 2 t/h per metre for granulated plastic (3 to 10 mm) to 20 for glass cullet (0 to 50 mm) and incineration ash (0 to 40 mm). No other maker we read publishes such a table, so ask, and ask what the figure assumes.Bunting, product page
3.5 For a sensor sorter: the tonnage in each size band, not just the line totalDOE laboratory authors put X-ray fluorescence and laser (LIBS) sorters, which read a piece's composition, at about 3 to 8 t/h.PNNL and Argonne, 2025

4Particle size

Items about the size range reaching the separator
ItemWhy it mattersSource
4.1 State the smallest and largest piece that will reach the separatorMakers sell rotors by size class. IMI uses 8-pole rotors for pieces of 2 in and up and 16-pole rotors below 2 in. Bunting's model table runs from 1 mm and up on its finest rotor to 20 mm and up on its coarsest; its FAQ on the same page gives that model as above 25 mm. Bunting gives 3 to 50 mm as a typical range.IMI, data sheet TG-13A; Bunting, product page; Bunting, 2020
4.2 Say how the feed is screened, and the ratio of the largest piece to the smallestSTEINERT says the largest grain fed to its fines separator should be no more than three times the smallest. University teaching material notes that narrower size classes separate better.STEINERT, EddyC FINES; teach4waste

5Line position and space

Items about where the separator sits, and the room around it
ItemWhy it mattersSource
5.1 Say what feeds the separator (a vibratory feeder or a conveyor) and at what speedIMI says the step in speed from the feed belt to the separator belt is what spreads the material, so the ratio has to be right. No maker we read publishes a figure for it; ask.IMI, service manual
5.2 If a feeder is in the quote: the head load from the hopper above it, base or suspended mounting, and the hopper's throat and gate sizesEriez selects feeders on these. Its brochure warns that a poorly shaped hopper transition can cut feeder capacity by up to 30%.Eriez, feeders, 2021
5.3 For the upstream magnet: belt width, speed, incline and troughing angle; head pulley diameter; and any steel idlers, slider bed or frame within a few feet of the magnetEriez Europe lists belt width, speed, incline, troughing angle and head pulley diameter among its magnet selection inputs. Carbon steel within about 3 ft of a suspended magnet becomes magnetised and lowers separation, so Eriez advises stainless steel, aluminum, plastic or wood near it. For magnetic pulleys, Eriez gives a maximum belt speed for each diameter, from 140 fpm on an 8 in pulley to 440 fpm on a 36 in pulley, for dry, free-flowing feed.Eriez Europe, electromagnets; Eriez, suspended magnet manual, 2012; Eriez, magnetic pulley manual, 2011
5.4 Say where a suspended magnet can mount: in line over the discharge, or across the beltEriez says in-line mounting uses the material's momentum as it leaves the belt, and does not advise cross-belt mounting at high belt speeds.Eriez, suspended magnets, 2021
5.5 State the space: belt width available, length, headroom and the height from the belt to the floorMachine sizes differ by maker. IMI lists separator widths of 24 to 72 in on its data sheet and frame lengths of 90 and 144 in, with at least 15 in from the belt to the ground. Eriez's 2026 brochure lists its RevX-E separators in 40, 48, 60 and 80 in widths.IMI, data sheet TG-13A; IMI, service manual; Eriez, brochure RB-780, 2026
5.6 Say how many products you want and where each chute must dischargeIMI offers a double splitter vane that gives two non-ferrous cuts.IMI, service manual
5.7 Say how you want to adjust the splitter (by hand or automatically) and where an operator stands to do itSmall moves matter. In plant tests on bottom ash, a 10 mm shift in the splitter can change metal recovery by about 10% and grade by about 18%. STEINERT sells a control that watches the discharge with a laser grid and adjusts belt speed itself.Rahman and Bakker, 2013; STEINERT, SplitControl
5.8 Say whether the separator belt should run at a fixed or variable speed, and who supplies the driveIMI sets belt speed with a variable-frequency drive: 384 fpm at 60 Hz. Eriez's cartridge-design machines run at fixed or variable speed, depending on the options bought.IMI, service manual; Eriez, REA manual, 2010
5.9 Say whether the infeed and outfeed conveyors exist or are part of the quote, and whether a second recovery point, on a glass or residue line, is in scopeA consultant's 2020 report for the Can Manufacturers Institute names a second separator on the residue line as the most common fix for cans a container line misses.GBB for CMI, 2020

Still to add: [the details Remcon's shop most often has to go back and ask buyers for after an RFQ: shop to answer]

6Power, air and controls

Items about utilities and how the line is controlled
ItemWhy it mattersSource
6.1 State the power supply (voltage, phase and frequency) and any limit on what the line can drawEriez Europe lists power supply among its magnet selection inputs. Eriez's oil-cooled electromagnets run at about 185°F on the outside, and Eriez says permanent drum magnets suit sites with limited or unstable power.Eriez Europe, electromagnets; Eriez, electromagnet manual, 2011; Eriez, scrap drums
6.2 Say how the separator must interlock with the equipment upstreamIMI starts the separator before everything upstream and waits 45 to 60 seconds before feed. At shutdown it stops upstream first and keeps the belt running until the rotor stops, which can take 2 to 3 minutes. Bunting lists a sequenced PLC control cabinet as an option.IMI, service manual; Bunting, product page
6.3 Say whether your controls will monitor rotor bearing temperatureEriez fits bearing thermocouples that report to a controller the customer supplies, set to 200°F maximum. IMI says its bearings run normally up to 180°F and should not exceed 200°F.Eriez, REA manual, 2010; IMI, service manual
6.4 If the line includes a sensor sorter or a robot: compressed air volume and pressure, and for an X-ray sorter, its shielding and safety documentsAir-jet sorters and robots run on compressed air; one robot maker's 2022 spec sheet lists 40 scfm at 100 psig. [US state rules for registering X-ray sorters: not yet researched]Max-AI, AQC-1 spec sheet, 2022

7Recovery and purity targets

The splitter trades recovery against purity (see recovery and purity in the aluminum recovery guide), so the target decides where it is set.

Items about the product you will sell
ItemWhy it mattersSource
7.1 State the grade you will sell, or attach your metal buyer's specificationBunting lists target recovery and purity among its sizing inputs. The trade grades set exclusions rather than one purity figure. ReMA's baled-can grade, Taldon, requires magnetically separated cans free of steel, lead, bottle caps, plastic, glass, wood, dirt and trash, sets bale density at 14 to 17 lb/ft³ unflattened (up to 22 flattened), and gives no aluminum percentage. Zorba is sold by its estimated non-ferrous content, as in Zorba 90.Bunting, 2020; ReMA, specifications, 2026
7.2 For glass cullet: the non-ferrous limit in your cullet specificationReMA's container cullet grades must be free of non-ferrous metal, apart from negligible amounts that cannot be avoided.ReMA, specifications, 2026
7.3 Say whether recovery or purity comes first if you cannot have bothThe splitter sets the trade: in the bottom-ash plant tests in item 5.7, one move changed recovery and grade together. A maker needs to know which way you would set it.Rahman and Bakker, 2013
7.4 Ask how each maker's recovery figure is measured, and on what materialA consultant's 2020 report for the Can Manufacturers Institute reports that most eddy current vendors guarantee capture of at least 95% of the cans on a container line. A separator can only recover cans that reach it: cans crushed small fall through screens, and flattened cans travel with the fiber.GBB for CMI, 2020

Questions for your metal buyer

Ask these before you send the RFQ. The answers set the target.

  • Which grade will you sell, and what does the buyer reject?
  • What bale density does the buyer accept? Windows differ: one can-sheet mill accepts 14 to 25 lb/ft³ at most of its plants and 10 to 20 at one. Source: Novelis, UBC specification, Rev 7.
  • Does the buyer take aluminum food and pet-food cans in the bale? One mill accepts them up to 10% of each bale by volume if they are clean, dry and label-free; another treats them as grounds for downgrade or rejection. Sources: Novelis, Rev 7; Logan Aluminum, 2020.
  • Where will foil go? ReMA has a separate grade for post-consumer foil. Source: ReMA, specifications, 2026.
  • What moisture limit applies? At both mills, a load above 4% moisture can be rejected or have weight deducted, and both advise against storing cans outdoors. Sources: Novelis, Rev 7; Logan Aluminum, 2020.

8Location and timing

Items about the site, testing and the schedule
ItemWhy it mattersSource
8.1 Say whether the line is indoors or outdoors, the temperature range, and how exposed it is to windGoudsmit notes that wind disturbs the throw outdoors and humidity makes material stick. Eriez lists the operating environment among its feeder selection factors, and Eriez Europe lists ambient temperature among its magnet inputs.Goudsmit, knowledge base; Eriez, feeders, 2021; Eriez Europe, electromagnets
8.2 Say where the plant isIt decides which makers serve your region and where a test can run. STEINERT, for example, runs four test centres: in Germany, Australia, Brazil and the USA. The directory filters makers by region served.STEINERT, test centres
8.3 Say whether you can send a sample for a test, and how muchSTEINERT trials buyers' own material at industrial scale and publishes no sample quantity, so ask. Bunting offers lab-scale trials at its UK test facility.STEINERT, test centres; Bunting, product page
8.4 Ask who sets the splitter at start-upEriez's manuals say a factory representative should ideally set it at start-up, and give starting positions to work from.Eriez, RevX-E manual, 2015; Eriez, REA manual, 2010
8.5 Ask which spare and wear parts to keep on handIMI advises keeping a spare shell, because a cracked shell lets debris rub on the rotor and heat it. Eriez requires non-metallic lacing if a spliced belt replaces an endless one.IMI, service manual; Eriez, RevX-E manual, 2015
8.6 State when you need the line running, and any shutdown window for installationNone of the maker documents we read asks for a date. Giving one lets every maker quote against the same schedule. This guide prints no lead times; ask each maker for its own, in writing.None: added so quotes can be compared

9Sending the RFQ

The RFQ form in the aluminum recovery guide asks for your stream, feed-rate range, size range, the purity your metal buyer requires and whether ferrous metal is removed upstream. Put your other answers in its "Anything else" box, with the item numbers from this page, so each maker can reply item by item.

You choose who receives it; Remcon Equipment, the publisher's affiliate, is not a recipient. The form itself says how inquiries are sent and kept.

Build an RFQ Find manufacturers

Remcon Equipment builds conveyors and answers questions from this site. For the infeed and outfeed conveyors, it lists what it needs on its quote request page and in a longer guide. Not ready for quotes? Ask one of its engineers a question instead.

Who publishes this. Recyclers Guide is published by [LLC name], an affiliate of Remcon Equipment, Inc. Remcon designs and builds conveyors and eddy current separator systems around rotors or complete separators made by others, builds overhead magnet units, magnetic head pulleys and trommels, resells screens and feeders, and integrates equipment discussed on this site.

10Questions

Do eddy current separator makers publish an RFQ questionnaire?

Not that we could find. None of the eddy current makers whose sites we searched publishes a technical questionnaire we could download, and one maker's online RFQ form asks only for contact details, market, product interest and a message. The items on this page come instead from what makers say, in their own manuals, brochures and product pages, that they need to size and set up a machine.

Why does a manufacturer need the bulk density of my material?

Feed rate in tons per hour follows from belt width, the depth of material, belt speed and bulk density together, and makers use it to size feeders and to select magnets. Weigh a known volume of your own material and say how you measured it. Published densities describe material as collected or traded, not a single layer on a belt.

What should I ask my metal buyer before I send an RFQ?

Which grade you will sell and what the buyer rejects, the bale density it accepts, whether food cans and foil may go in the bale, and the moisture limit. Those answers set the purity the separator has to reach.

How do I compare recovery figures from different quotes?

Ask each maker what its figure is measured on and whether it comes from a test on your material. A capture guarantee covers only the metal that reaches the separator, so cans lost earlier, through screens or with the fiber, are outside it.

11Sources

Every source was read on 2026-10-06. Manufacturer documents state each maker's own figures for its own machines; they are not tested results.

  1. Eriez. Request for quote, online form. Manufacturer, undated. https://www.eriez.com/Company/RFQ (read 2026-10-06)
  2. Bunting. 5 Key Eddy Current Separator Operating Parameters. Manufacturer, 2020-11-10. https://buntingmagnetics.com/blog/5-key-eddy-current-separator-operating-parameters (read 2026-10-06)
  3. Goudsmit Magnetics. What determines the separation efficiency of eddy current systems (knowledge base). Manufacturer, undated. https://www.goudsmitmagnetics.com/en-us/knowledge-base-efficiency-of-eddy-current-separators (read 2026-10-06)
  4. Industrial Magnetics, Inc. (IMI). Eddy Current Separator Service Manual, endless belt (900505). Manufacturer, undated. https://assets.magnetics.com/assets/files/manuals/900505_ECS_Service_Manual_Endless_Belt.pdf (read 2026-10-06) Industrial Magnetics supplies eddy current separators and magnets to Remcon Equipment, the publisher's affiliate.
  5. teach4waste. Skript Metallscheidung (university teaching material, in German). Academic, undated. https://content.teach4waste.com/pdf/de/03_Mechanische-Aufbereitung/Metallscheidung/Skript_Metallscheidung.pdf (read 2026-10-06)
  6. Eriez. RM-99 RevX-E Eddy Current Separator installation, operation and maintenance manual. Manufacturer, April 2015. https://www.eriez.com/Documents/Literature/IOMs/Metals-Recycling/RM-99-Eriez-RevXE-Eddy-Current-Separator-IOM.pdf (read 2026-10-06)
  7. Green Machine. Eddy current separators. Manufacturer, undated. https://www.greenmachine.com/equipment/eddy-current-separators (read 2026-10-06)
  8. Goudsmit Magnetics. EddyFines eddy current separators. Manufacturer, undated. https://www.goudsmitmagnetics.com/en-us/products/belt-conveyor-magnetic-separators/eddyfines-eddy-current-separators (read 2026-10-06)
  9. STEINERT. EddyC FINES. Manufacturer, undated. https://steinertglobal.com/us/sorting-systems/magnetic-separation/eddy-current-separators/steinert-eddyc-fines/ (read 2026-10-06)
  10. Bunting. Eddy Current Separators, product page. Manufacturer, undated. https://buntingmagnetics.com/product/magnetic-separation/eddy-current-separators (read 2026-10-06)
  11. Rahman, M.A. and Bakker, M.C. Sensor-based control in eddy current separation of incinerator bottom ash. Waste Management 33(6), 2013 (abstract). Peer-reviewed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23490354/ (read 2026-10-06)
  12. US Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Combustible Dust. Government, undated. https://www.osha.gov/combustible-dust (read 2026-10-06)
  13. Eriez. SM-780-1 Eddy Current Separator, REA cartridge design, installation, operation and maintenance manual. Manufacturer, 2010. https://www.eriez.com/Documents/Literature/IOMs/Metals-Recycling/SM-780-1-Eriez-Eddy-Current-Separator-REA-Cartridge-Design-IOM.pdf (read 2026-10-06)
  14. Eriez. SB-305 Suspended Magnets brochure. Manufacturer, 2021. https://www.eriez.com/Documents/Literature/Brochures/Products/Magnetic-Separation/SB-305-Eriez-Suspended-Magnet.pdf (read 2026-10-06)
  15. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and Argonne National Laboratory authors. Accepted manuscript, Resources, Conservation and Recycling 223 (doi 10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108500). Government, peer-reviewed, 2025. https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/3021470 (read 2026-10-06)
  16. Eriez. VB-3301 Heavy Duty Vibratory Feeders brochure. Manufacturer, 2021. https://www.eriez.com/Documents/Literature/Brochures/Products/Vibratory/VB-3301-Eriez-Heavy-Duty-Feeders.pdf (read 2026-10-06)
  17. Eriez Magnetics Europe. SB-320 Suspended Electromagnet brochure. Manufacturer, undated. https://www.eriez.com/Documents/Literature/Brochures/Products/Magnetic-Separation/SB-320-UK-Eriez-Europe-Suspended-Electromagnet.pdf (read 2026-10-06)
  18. Industrial Magnetics, Inc. (IMI). TG-13A Eddy Current Separators data sheet. Manufacturer, 2022 to 2023. https://assets.magnetics.com/assets/files/technical-data-sheets/TG13A_EddyCurrentSep.pdf (read 2026-10-06) Industrial Magnetics supplies eddy current separators and magnets to Remcon Equipment, the publisher's affiliate.
  19. Eriez. SM-305 Suspended Permanent Magnet installation, operation and maintenance manual. Manufacturer, 2012. https://www.eriez.com/Documents/Literature/IOMs/Magnetic-Separation/SM-305-Eriez-Suspend-Permanent-Magnet-IOM.pdf (read 2026-10-06)
  20. Eriez. SM-240 Magnetic Pulley installation, operation and maintenance manual. Manufacturer, 2011. https://www.eriez.com/Documents/Literature/IOMs/Magnetic-Separation/SM-240-Eriez-Magnetic-Pulley-IOM.pdf (read 2026-10-06)
  21. Eriez. RB-780 Eddy Current Separators for Nonferrous Recovery brochure. Manufacturer, September 2026. https://www.eriez.com/Documents/Literature/Brochures/Products/Magnetic-Separation/RB-780-Eriez-Eddy-Current-Separator.pdf (read 2026-10-06)
  22. STEINERT. SplitControl. Manufacturer, undated. https://steinertglobal.com/us/sorting-systems/magnetic-separation/eddy-current-separators/steinert-splitcontrol/ (read 2026-10-06)
  23. Gershman, Brickner & Bratton, Inc., for the Can Manufacturers Institute. Aluminum Beverage Can: Driver of the U.S. Recycling System. Industry association (commissioned report), 2020-06-23. https://www.cancentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/GBB-Report-Aluminum-Can-Drives-U.S.-Recycling-System-Final-2020-0623.pdf (read 2026-10-06)
  24. Eriez. SM-323 Suspended Electromagnet installation, operation and maintenance manual. Manufacturer, 2011. https://www.eriez.com/Documents/Literature/IOMs/Magnetic-Separation/SM-323-Eriez-Suspend-Electromagnet-IOM.pdf (read 2026-10-06)
  25. Eriez. Magnetic Scrap Drums. Manufacturer, undated. https://www.eriez.com/Products/Metals-Recycling/Ferrous-Recovery/Magnetic-Scrap-Drums (read 2026-10-06)
  26. Bulk Handling Systems / Max-AI. AQC-1 spec sheet (US). Manufacturer, 2022. https://max-ai.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Max-AI-AQC1-Spec-Sheet-US-2022.pdf (read 2026-10-06)
  27. ReMA (Recycled Materials Association). ISRI Specifications Guide. Industry association standard, July 2026. https://www.isrispecs.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/2026-July-ReMA_ISRI_Specifications.pdf (read 2026-10-06)
  28. Novelis. North America UBC product quality specification, REF-04146, Rev 7. Can-sheet producer and can buyer, posted 2026. https://novelis.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/NNA-UBC-Spec_v7_REF-04146.pdf (read 2026-10-06)
  29. Tri-Arrows Aluminum / Logan Aluminum. Used Beverage Cans (UBC) Specification. Can-sheet producer and can buyer, 2020-04-28. https://www.loganrawmaterials.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/UBC-Printable-PDF.pdf (read 2026-10-06)
  30. STEINERT. Test centres. Manufacturer, undated. https://steinertglobal.com/services/test-centres/ (read 2026-10-06)

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